References connect a claim to its source
These are the papers and official pages cited here. Each link names its subject. The note explains what we used it for, so you can find the part that interests you.
A paper can support one small finding without supporting a much bigger claim. We keep the limits beside the links. No points for the longest reference list.
BPC-157
- Rat stomach-ulcer experiment: BPC-157 reduced ulcer area and helped healing in rats. It did not test human tendon recovery.
- Blood-vessel growth research: cell and animal findings, used here to explain a theoretical safety concern rather than a demonstrated human harm.
- Intravenous safety pilot: observations in two adults, with no injury-healing test. A very small safety window.
- Review of human BPC-157 evidence: few published pilots and a lack of rigorous large trials.
GHK and GHK-Cu
- Topical GHK review: skin research and the difficulty of getting the peptide through the skin’s outer barrier.
- Removed-human-skin experiment: measured copper passing through skin layers. It was not a test of injections.
- GHK-containing hair mixture trial: hair-count results for a combination, without separating each ingredient’s contribution.
Ipamorelin
- Hormone-response study: a growth-hormone pulse in healthy male volunteers. It did not establish better sleep or training recovery.
- Bowel-surgery trial: did not establish faster meal recovery. FDA’s safety concerns also matter when reading it.
NAD+ and its precursors
- NAD+ cell-chemistry review: background on NAD+ and its role in cells, including energy handling and DNA repair.
- NMN muscle study: improved muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women after menopause. Body composition and longer-term blood sugar did not change.
- Oral NR trial: blood NAD+ and side effects in healthy overweight adults. Its findings don’t establish intravenous NAD+ effects.
- Human ageing evidence review: limited evidence of clinical benefits and little information about NAD+ in particular tissues.
Semaglutide
- Semaglutide weight-management trial: weight change compared with placebo in adults with overweight or obesity, without diabetes.
- Semaglutide safety review: stomach and bowel side effects, gallbladder disease and uncertainties about uncommon harms.
U.S. medicine and compounding rules
- FDA’s compounding questions and answers: compounded drugs are not FDA-approved.
- FDA’s compounded-drug risks: contamination and preparation problems can cause harm.
- FDA’s bulk-substance safety page: entries nominated but withdrawn on the page current as of April 22, 2026. Withdrawal is not clearance. Also records ipamorelin safety concerns.
- FDA’s unapproved weight-loss drug concerns: quality and safety questions outside approved products.
Two words to keep apart
finding
A finding stays with the people or animals studied, the preparation tested and the result measured. Those details can change what the paper tells us.
interpretation
An interpretation is what we think the finding means. If ours goes too far, send the passage and source. We can change a sentence.